Aero L-39NG - an icon reborn
After successful sale of its redundant L-159 ALCA trainers to Iraq, Czech company AERO became more market-hungry. Since 2014, it has been working on somehow downgraded and more affordable version of its L-159. It should feature new engine, glass cockpit and full NATO compatibility. Moreover, AERO already sees crowds of customers waiting in line to get their hand on the new L-39NG, which was the name picked for venerable combat trainer. Is it really what they claim it to be, or is it just shot in the dark? This analysis doesn´t aim for comparison of new version of L-39 to current main players on this field, but rather questions its possible success on the market.
The L-39 family is the most produced jet trainer aircraft in the world. Total of 2898 airframes in 4 main versions were produced between 1971 and 1997. It has served and still serves in 30 airforces worldwide. In the 1980´s it was developed into L-39MS and in the 1990´s into L-59 and L-159. Those were basically completely new aircraft, sharing only name with its predecessor. However, as the Soviet Union collapsed, the main customer for the perspective aircraft disappeared. Moreover, all economies of the ex- Eastern bloc countries entered difficult times and lost financing for acquirement of new armament. Aero company struggled to offer its top product to various Western-oriented purchasers, with moderate success. We can mention sale of 40 pcs of westernized L-39ZA/ART with Elbit systems equipment to Thailand (delivered 1992-1996); US private company "Air USA" has acquired 5 airframes of L-39MS (still in service); Egypt has ordered 49 pcs of L-59E delivered between 1993-1994 (withdrawn from service) and Tunisia has acquired 12 airframes of L-59T between 1995 and 1996 (still in service).
Moreover, in order to boost production and renew good name of its aircraft abroad, Czech Air force has ordered itself 72 pcs of completely new and Westernized L-159 Alca. Those are the aircraft, of which 15 pcs were sold to Iraq. US company "Draken International" has acquired 21 airframes, while "Lewis Fighter Fleet LLC" has 3 airframes. Hungary was evaluating the L-159 for some time, but due to financial issues, didn´t purchase any machines. Since the large-scale export of its modernized products has failed, Aero has turned into producing various aircraft and helicopter components in license. This activity proved to be very successful and demanded, and after some years, it brought back Aero its willingness to continue on their "jet trainer" topic. This time, the management took different path and decided to make upgrades of proposed Aero L-39NG, on the basis of existing as well as newly produced airframes. The customer has two options: he can buy kit of new equipment with corresponding prolonging of airframe lifetime or just new western engines.
The installation of new, FADEC equipped Williams FJ-44-4M two-spool turbofan engine, with thrust of 16,89 kN is the key feature of L-39NG. This engine was designed from the beginning also for the military application, and has been used by Pilatus, Hawker, Cessna or SAAB. In order to fit inside L-39, it will use simple adapter, with small modifications to its air intake inlets. Compared to older Al-25T turbojet, it will have significantly lower fuel consumption and will be started from the on-board battery, instead of Sapheer 5 APU (auxiliary power unit), which will become redundant and its removal will save some weight. Modernization will also include installation of central filling of fuel tanks. Moreover, the tanks on each wing edge will be removed, while each wing will get integral fuel tank. Even with such modification, the fuel capacity will increase by 400 kg, to final 1450 kg. Each wing will also have 2 pylons for various rocket pods, unguided rockets, air-to air missiles or drop fuel tanks. The fifth pylon will be under the fuselage. This package of abovementioned equipment is basically the lowest option of retrofit kit, that will be available.
Second, more advanced option will include cockpit and fuselage updates. The main feature will be full glass cockpit, corresponding with most current standards and one-piece canopy, hinged to the right side. The change of ergonomics of the cockpit will be presented by HOTAS, raised back seat with new ejection seats featuring 0-0 characteristics and head-up display. The oxygen supply system will be changed to OBOGS, instead of current bottles with air.
Those are features, which will undoubtedly turn venerable L-39 into 21. century standard combat jet trainer and extend its service life. But in today´s world and market, there are other factors, which will decide in its favor or decline. This is not the first attempt to significantly upgrade existing L-39 platform. In the 2nd half of 2000´s, Ukraine has proposed new L-39M1 version, based on L-39C. It also features new engine - Al-25TLSh, with 1 850 kg of thrust, new flight data recorder, BTK-39 on-board training system and sighting and navigating system. While it was widely promoted in its time, it had no foreign customers, except domestic Ukrainian air force. Currently, Ukrainian L-39C is slowly being modified to this standard.
The main difference between those two projects is their aim for final customer. Eventhough both companies propose their aircraft for all existing L-39 users, it is obvious that Ukrainian modification is more oriented towards 3rd world countries, while Czech modification is oriented towards Western oriented countries. Moreover, Ukrainian proposal is on the basis of L-39C, which is less common in the developing countries, which opted for L-39ZO and L-39ZA instead. This is major advance for Czech L-39NG proposal. However, absence of Aero on those markets and lack of funds, have shifted interest of developing countries to turn to Russia and China instead, while some purchased 2nd hand equipment from Western suppliers. Political orientation plays major part in decision making, thus closing markets for Aero of countries, such as Afghanistan, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Syria, Uganda or Yemen. Other operators, such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Vietnam will be likely included in Russian policy of providing credit for acquiring Russian defense industry´s products, thus buying Yak-130 instead.
Since Aero can not rely on such support from Czech government, sales to Bangladesh, Cambodia, Chad, Congo, Cuba, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nicaragua and Uganda are highly unlikely, not mentioning possible ban on export of some of L-39´s sensitive equipment. The market for new-generation L-39NG has thus stretched to Algeria, Bulgaria, Czech republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine. The possibility to deliver new aircraft to Algeria, Libya and Ukraine is small, since Algeria is oriented in acquiring Russian equipment in long term; Libya is under UN arms embargo and Ukraine would like to employ its own defense industry (eventhough it´s becoming West-oriented). We have finished with potential 8 countries, that would possibly be interested in buying, upgrading and most importantly paying for such product. Moreover, the possible volume of sales to those countries is not significant, due to crisis in their economies. Bulgaria, Estonia and Lithuania are struggling to keep even their existing assets in airworthy condition; while Slovakia and Hungary have no plans to acquire new trainers in forthcoming future. Aero managers should know better, thus they started marketing campaign in Latin America, central Asia and Middle East. Indeed, those are the most perspective markets for L-39NG. This can, however prove too much for Aero, since existing agreements, interests and politics are currently in favor of Aero´s competitors.
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RIKVIP - Cổng Game Bài Đổi Thưởng Uy Tín và Hấp Dẫn Tại Việt Nam
Giới thiệu về RIKVIP (Rik Vip, RichVip)
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(JeffreySlign, 4. 9. 2023 13:09)
**百家樂:賭場裡的明星遊戲**
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玩百家樂的目的就是賭哪一方的牌會接近或等於9點。這遊戲的規則真的簡單得很,所以新手也能很快上手。計算牌的點數也不難,10和圖案牌是0點,A是1點,其他牌就看牌面的數字。如果加起來超過10,那就只看最後一位。
雖然百家樂主要靠運氣,但有些玩家還是喜歡找一些規律或策略,希望能提高勝率。所以,你在賭場經常可以看到有人邊玩邊記牌,試著找出下一輪的趨勢。
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(JeffreySlign, 3. 9. 2023 9:15)
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娛樂城,簡單來說,就是線上賭場。它提供了一個平台,讓玩家可以在家中、辦公室,甚至是在路上,都能夠享受到賭場的樂趣。從老虎機、撲克、百家樂到骰寶,各種經典的賭場遊戲都能在娛樂城中找到。
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選擇娛樂城時,最重要的是確保它的可靠性和信譽。建議玩家查看該娛樂城的評價、獲得的獎項,以及是否有合法的營業許可。此外,也可以參考其他玩家的經驗和建議。
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隨著科技的進步,娛樂城的遊戲體驗也在不斷地升級。例如,現在有些娛樂城已經提供了虛擬實境(VR)遊戲,讓玩家彷彿置身於真實的賭場中。未來,我們還可以期待更多的創新和驚喜。
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娛樂城為現代人帶來了全新的娛樂方式。它結合了賭場的刺激和線上遊戲的便利,成為了許多人休閒娛樂的首選。不過,玩家在享受遊戲的同時,也應該注意控制自己,確保賭博是健康的娛樂,而不是成癮的陷阱。
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(DerekItamp, 2. 9. 2023 3:46)
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ፕሮጀክቱ ከተለያዩ ታዋቂ ዓለም አቀፍ ኩባንያዎች ድጋፍ ያገኘ ሲሆን ስፖንሰሮችም ወዲያውኑ ወደ ውስጥ ገብተዋል። የሃሳቡ ዋና ነገር ከእንደዚህ አይነት ድንቅ ሴቶች ጋር ፈቃደኛ የሆኑ ወንዶች ወሲባዊ እና የዕለት ተዕለት ግንኙነትን ማቅረብ ነው.
ፍላጎት ካሎት፣ የጥበቃ ዝርዝር ስለተፈጠረ አሁን ማመልከት ይችላሉ።
Rrjeti nervor tërheq një grua
(Williamgoaph, 1. 9. 2023 3:28)
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https://youtu.be/OlR_8Ei-hr0
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A neural network draws a woman
(Davidpah, 24. 8. 2023 8:40)
The neural network will create beautiful girls!
Geneticists are already hard at work creating stunning women. They will create these beauties based on specific requests and parameters using a neural network. The network will work with artificial insemination specialists to facilitate DNA sequencing.
The visionary for this concept is Alex Gurk, the co-founder of numerous initiatives and ventures aimed at creating beautiful, kind and attractive women who are genuinely connected to their partners. This direction stems from the recognition that in modern times the attractiveness and attractiveness of women has declined due to their increased independence. Unregulated and incorrect eating habits have led to problems such as obesity, causing women to deviate from their innate appearance.
The project received support from various well-known global companies, and sponsors readily stepped in. The essence of the idea is to offer willing men sexual and everyday communication with such wonderful women.
If you are interested, you can apply now as a waiting list has been created.
世界盃籃球
(Davidpah, 23. 8. 2023 9:40)
2023年的FIBA世界盃籃球賽(英語:2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup)是第19次舉行的男子籃球大賽,且現在每4年舉行一次。正式比賽於 2023/8/25 ~ 9/10 舉行。這次比賽是在2019年新規則實施後的第二次。最好的球隊將有機會參加2024年在法國巴黎的奧運賽事。而歐洲和美洲的前2名,以及亞洲、大洋洲、非洲的冠軍,還有奧運主辦國法國,總共8支隊伍將獲得這個機會。
在2023年2月20日FIBA世界盃籃球亞太區資格賽的第六階段已經完賽!雖然台灣隊未能參賽,但其他國家選手的精彩表現絕對值得關注。本文將為您提供FIBA籃球世界盃賽程資訊,以及可以收看直播和轉播的線上平台,希望您不要錯過!
主辦國家 : 菲律賓、印尼、日本
正式比賽 : 2023年8月25日–2023年9月10日
參賽隊伍 : 共有32隊
比賽場館 : 菲律賓體育館、阿拉內塔體育館、亞洲購物中心體育館、印尼體育館、沖繩體育館
觀看 2023 年國際籃聯世界杯
(Davidpah, 21. 8. 2023 18:23)
玩運彩:體育賽事與娛樂遊戲的完美融合
在現代社會,運彩已成為一種極具吸引力的娛樂方式,結合了體育賽事的激情和娛樂遊戲的刺激。不僅能夠享受體育比賽的精彩,還能在賽事未開始時沉浸於娛樂遊戲的樂趣。玩運彩不僅提供了多項體育賽事的線上投注,還擁有豐富多樣的遊戲選擇,讓玩家能夠在其中找到無盡的娛樂與刺激。
體育投注一直以來都是運彩的核心內容之一。玩運彩提供了眾多體育賽事的線上投注平台,無論是NBA籃球、MLB棒球、世界盃足球、美式足球、冰球、網球、MMA格鬥還是拳擊等,都能在這裡找到合適的投注選項。這些賽事不僅為球迷帶來了觀賽的樂趣,還能讓他們參與其中,為比賽增添一份別樣的激情。
其中,PM體育、SUPER體育和鑫寶體育等運彩系統商成為了廣大玩家的首選。PM體育作為PM遊戲集團的體育遊戲平台,以給予玩家最佳線上體驗為宗旨,贏得了全球超過百萬客戶的信賴。SUPER體育則憑藉著CEZA(菲律賓克拉克經濟特區)的合法經營執照,展現了其合法性和可靠性。而鑫寶體育則以最高賠率聞名,通過研究各種比賽和推出新奇玩法,為玩家提供無盡的娛樂。
玩運彩不僅僅是一種投注行為,更是一種娛樂體驗。這種融合了體育和遊戲元素的娛樂方式,讓玩家能夠在比賽中感受到熱血的激情,同時在娛樂遊戲中尋找到輕鬆愉悅的時光。隨著科技的不斷進步,玩運彩的魅力將不斷擴展,為玩家帶來更多更豐富的選擇和體驗。無論是尋找刺激還是尋求娛樂,玩運彩都將是一個理想的選擇。 https://telegra.ph/2023-年玩彩票並投注體育-08-16
觀看 2023 年國際籃聯世界杯
(Davidpah, 21. 8. 2023 11:39)
在運動和賽事的世界裡,運彩分析成為了各界關注的焦點。為了滿足愈來愈多運彩愛好者的需求,我們隆重介紹字母哥運彩分析討論區,這個集交流、分享和學習於一身的專業平台。無論您是籃球、棒球、足球還是NBA、MLB、CPBL、NPB、KBO的狂熱愛好者,這裡都是您尋找專業意見、獲取最新運彩信息和提升運彩技巧的理想場所。
在字母哥運彩分析討論區,您可以輕鬆地獲取各種運彩分析信息,特別是針對籃球、棒球和足球領域的專業預測。不論您是NBA的忠實粉絲,還是熱愛棒球的愛好者,亦或者對足球賽事充滿熱情,這裡都有您需要的專業意見和分析。字母哥NBA預測將為您提供獨到的見解,幫助您更好地了解比賽情況,做出明智的選擇。
除了專業分析外,字母哥運彩分析討論區還擁有頂級的玩運彩分析情報員團隊。他們精通統計數據和信息,能夠幫助您分析比賽趨勢、預測結果,讓您的運彩之路更加成功和有利可圖。
當您在字母哥運彩分析討論區尋找運彩分析師時,您將不再猶豫。無論您追求最大的利潤,還是穩定的獲勝,或者您想要深入了解比賽統計,這裡都有您需要的一切。我們提供全面的統計數據和信息,幫助您作出明智的選擇,不論是尋找最佳運彩策略還是深入了解比賽情況。
總之,字母哥運彩分析討論區是您運彩之旅的理想起點。無論您是新手還是經驗豐富的玩家,這裡都能滿足您的需求,幫助您在運彩領域取得更大的成功。立即加入我們,一同探索運彩的精彩世界吧 https://abc66.tv/
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rikvip
(FloydDam, 5. 9. 2023 2:10)